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Abstract@#During the yellow fever epidemic in Angola in 2016, cases of yellow fever were reported in China for the first time. The 11 cases, all Chinese nationals returning from Angola, were identified in March and April 2016, one to two weeks after the peak of the Angolan epidemic. One patient died; the other 10 cases recovered after treatment. This paper reviews the epidemiological characteristics of the 11 yellow fever cases imported into China. It examines case detection and disease control and surveillance, and presents recommendations for further action to prevent additional importation of yellow fever into China.
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Every influenza pandemic in history would end up with disastrous outcomes on mankind,of which the most notorious one was the "Spanish flu" pandemic in 1918.In the past century,with advanced knowledge on influenza viruses,laboratory technologies and surveillance methods,human beings were not as helpless when facing the influenza pandemic.In order to control the outbreaks and reducing the negative impacts,programs as:setting up and improving the influenza pandemic preparedness and response plan were recognized as important issues on early detection or prompt warning of any influenza virus strain that might lead to potential pandemics.The scheduled and planned control measures towards the pandemic preparedness and response plan had been considered of key importance in mitigating the peak of pandemic or controlling the transmission of virus.Since the "1918 influenza pandemic",we had reviewed the evolution and development of plans regarding the preparedness and response on influenza pandemic issued by both WHO and China.We also emphasized on the variety of strategies which were linked to the preparedness and response at different historical stages,to provide reference for the pandemic preparedness of the disease,in the future.
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During the past 100 years,there had been four global pandemics on influenza that had greatly influenced the health and life of the people.This article summarized the features,experiences and lessons learned on these four influenza pandemics so as to prepare related measures targeting the possible pandemics/epidemics in the foreseeable future,in China.
ABSTRACT
Every influenza pandemic in history would end up with disastrous outcomes on mankind,of which the most notorious one was the "Spanish flu" pandemic in 1918.In the past century,with advanced knowledge on influenza viruses,laboratory technologies and surveillance methods,human beings were not as helpless when facing the influenza pandemic.In order to control the outbreaks and reducing the negative impacts,programs as:setting up and improving the influenza pandemic preparedness and response plan were recognized as important issues on early detection or prompt warning of any influenza virus strain that might lead to potential pandemics.The scheduled and planned control measures towards the pandemic preparedness and response plan had been considered of key importance in mitigating the peak of pandemic or controlling the transmission of virus.Since the "1918 influenza pandemic",we had reviewed the evolution and development of plans regarding the preparedness and response on influenza pandemic issued by both WHO and China.We also emphasized on the variety of strategies which were linked to the preparedness and response at different historical stages,to provide reference for the pandemic preparedness of the disease,in the future.
ABSTRACT
During the past 100 years,there had been four global pandemics on influenza that had greatly influenced the health and life of the people.This article summarized the features,experiences and lessons learned on these four influenza pandemics so as to prepare related measures targeting the possible pandemics/epidemics in the foreseeable future,in China.
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Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in humans was identified in 2013, there have been five seasonal epidemics observed in China. An earlier start and a steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 virus was observed between September and December 2016, raising great public concern in domestic and international societies. The epidemiological characteristics of the recently reported confirmed H7N9 cases were analysed. The results suggested that although more cases were reported recently, most cases in the fifth epidemic were still highly sporadically distributed without any epidemiology links; the main characteristics remained unchanged and the genetic characteristics of virus strains that were isolated in this epidemic remained similar to earlier epidemics. Interventions included live poultry market closures in several cities that reported more H7N9 cases recently.
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Objective To describe the epidemic of imported infectious diseases in China between 2013 and 2016, including the kinds of infectious diseases, affected provinces, source countries and the epidemiological characteristics, and provide scientific information for the prevention and control of imported infectious diseases. Methods Data of cases of imported infectious diseases in China from 2013 to 2016 were collected from national information reporting system of infectious diseases, Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 18.0 were used to conduct data cleaning and analysis. Results From 2013 to 2016, a total of 16206 imported cases of infectious diseases were reported in China. Of all the cases, 83.12%(13471 cases) were malaria cases, followed by dengue fever (2628 cases,16.22%). The majority of the imported cases were males (14522 cases, 89.61%). Most cases were aged 20-50 years. Except Zika virus disease and yellow fever, which were mainly reported before and after spring festival, other imported infectious diseases mainly occurred in summer and autumn. The epidemic in affected provinces varied with the types of infectious diseases, and Yunnan reported the largest case number of imported infectious diseases, followed by Jiangsu, Guangxi and Guangdong. The imported cases were mainly from Asian countries, such as Burma, and African countries, such as Angola, Equatorial Guinea and Ghana, which also varied with the types of infectious diseases. Conclusions We should pay more attention to imported infectious diseases and strengthen the prevention and control measures in our country. In order to reduce the incidence of imported infectious diseases, the health education should be enforced for persons who plan to travel abroad and the active surveillance should be strengthened for returned travelers.
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Objective To describe the epidemic of imported infectious diseases in China between 2013 and 2016, including the kinds of infectious diseases, affected provinces, source countries and the epidemiological characteristics, and provide scientific information for the prevention and control of imported infectious diseases. Methods Data of cases of imported infectious diseases in China from 2013 to 2016 were collected from national information reporting system of infectious diseases, Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 18.0 were used to conduct data cleaning and analysis. Results From 2013 to 2016, a total of 16206 imported cases of infectious diseases were reported in China. Of all the cases, 83.12%(13471 cases) were malaria cases, followed by dengue fever (2628 cases,16.22%). The majority of the imported cases were males (14522 cases, 89.61%). Most cases were aged 20-50 years. Except Zika virus disease and yellow fever, which were mainly reported before and after spring festival, other imported infectious diseases mainly occurred in summer and autumn. The epidemic in affected provinces varied with the types of infectious diseases, and Yunnan reported the largest case number of imported infectious diseases, followed by Jiangsu, Guangxi and Guangdong. The imported cases were mainly from Asian countries, such as Burma, and African countries, such as Angola, Equatorial Guinea and Ghana, which also varied with the types of infectious diseases. Conclusions We should pay more attention to imported infectious diseases and strengthen the prevention and control measures in our country. In order to reduce the incidence of imported infectious diseases, the health education should be enforced for persons who plan to travel abroad and the active surveillance should be strengthened for returned travelers.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in the Republic of Korea in 2015 and provide related information for the public health professionals in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The incidence data of MERS were collected from the websites of the Korean government, WHO and authoritative media in Korea for this epidemiological analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Between May 20 and July 13, 2015, a total of 186 confirmed MERS cases (1 index case, 29 secondary cases, 125 third generation cases, 25 fourth generation cases and 6 cases without clear generation data), including 36 deaths (case fatality rate: 19%), were reported in Korea. All cases were associated with nosocomial transmission except the index case and two possible family infections. Sixteen hospitals in 11 districts in 5 provinces/municipalities in Korea reported confirmed MERS cases, involving 39 medical professionals or staff. For the confirmed cases and death cases, the median ages were 55 years and 70 years respectively, and the cases and deaths in males accounted for 60% and 67% respectively. Up to 78% of the deaths were with underlying medical conditions. Besides the index case, other 12 patients were reported to cause secondary cases, in which 1 caused 84 infections. One imported MERS case from Korea was confirmed in China on May 29, no secondary cases occurred. The viruses strains isolated from the cases in Korea and the imported case in China show no significant variation compared with the strains isolated in the Middle East.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The epidemiological pattern of the MERS outbreak in Korea was similar to MERS outbreaks occurred in the Middle East.</p>
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Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Coronavirus Infections , Epidemiology , Cross Infection , Disease Outbreaks , Hospitals , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus , Public Health , Republic of Korea , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) in China and to provide scientific evidence for the adjustment of preventive strategy and control measures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Demographic and epidemiologic information on human cases were collected from both reported data of field epidemiological investigation and the reporting system for infectious diseases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 433 cases including 163 deaths were reported in mainland China before June 4, 2014. Two obvious epidemic peaks were noticed, in March to April, 2013 and January to February, 2014. Confirmed cases emerged in 14 areas of China. Five provinces, including Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Hunan, reported about 85% of the total cases. Median age of the confirmed cases was 58 years (range, 1-91), with 70% as males. Of the 418 cases with available data, 87% had ever exposed to live poultry or contaminated environments. 14 clusters were identified but human to human transmission could not be ruled out in 9 clusters.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus showed the characteristics of obvious seasonal distribution, with certain regional clusters. The majority of confirmed cases were among the elderly, with more males seen than the females. Data showed that main source of infection was live poultry and the live poultry market had played a significant role in the transmission of the virus.</p>